Giant simple biliary cyst infection treated with minimally invasive percutaneous drainage.

We describe a minimally invasive alternative approach in a patient with infected hepatic cyst to stabilize the patient before definitive surgery. A 58-year-old man presented with fever and hypotension after 2 weeks of asthenia, chills, weight loss, slight abdominal pain, and a previous asymptomatic simple hepatic cyst. On ultrasound, a giant heterogeneous hepatic cyst with thick wall was noted. A positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan was indicated and demonstrated high uptake (standardized uptake value = 7.6) in the wall of the cyst, suggestive of infection. He underwent percutaneous drainage guided by the tomography. A 12 Fr drain was positioned inside the collection and 5 L of purulent material was aspirated from the cyst, and at day 12th, surgical resection was performed. Histopatological analysis confirmed a simple biliary cyst. The patient remains asymptomatic on 1-year follow-up. Percutaneous drainage before surgical treatment allowed the definitive approach to be performed with the patient in better clinical conditions.

CT-guided percutaneous core needle biopsy of pulmonary nodules smaller than 2 cm: technical aspects and factors influencing accuracy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of CT-guided percutaneous core needle biopsy (CT-CNB) of pulmonary nodules ≤ 2 cm, as well as to identify factors influencing the accuracy of the procedure and its morbidity. METHODS: This was a retrospective, single-center study of 170 consecutive patients undergoing CT-CNB of small pulmonary nodules (of ≤ 2 cm) between January of 2010 and August of 2015. RESULTS: A total of 156 CT-CNBs yielded a definitive diagnosis, the overall diagnostic accuracy being 92.3%. Larger lesions were associated with a higher overall accuracy (OR = 1.30; p = 0.007). Parenchymal hemorrhage occurring during the procedure led to lower accuracy rates (OR = 0.13; p = 0.022). Pneumothorax was the most common complication. A pleura-to-lesion distance > 3 cm was identified as a risk factor for pneumothorax (OR = 16.94), whereas performing a blood patch after biopsy was a protective factor for pneumothorax (OR = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS: Small nodules (of < 2 cm) represent a technical challenge for diagnosis. CT-CNB is an excellent diagnostic tool, its accuracy being high.

Minimally invasive treatment of complex collections: safety and efficacy of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator as an adjuvant to percutaneous drainage.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the efficacy of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-TPA) injection in the evolution of percutaneous drainage of thick collections. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a single-center study involving the retrospective analysis of hospitalized patients undergoing percutaneous drainage of thick (superficial or intracavitary) fluid collections, followed by injection of a fibrinolytic agent (r-TPA) into the affected space. RESULTS: A total of 53 percutaneous drainage procedures, with r-TPA injection, were performed in 51 patients. Abdominal and pelvic collections were the most common, being seen in 38 (73%) of the procedures; in 35 (66%), the etiology of the collection was attributed to postoperative complications. A total of 61 catheters were used in order to drain the 53 collections. Of those 61 catheters, 52 (85%) were large (12-16 Fr) and 9 (15%) were small (4-10 Fr). The mean r-TPA dose was 5.7 mg/collection per day, and the mean time from r-TPA injection to drain removal was 7.7 days. Percutaneous drainage in combination with r-TPA injection was successful in 96% of the cases. None of the patients showed coagulation changes during the study period. CONCLUSION: The use of once-daily, low-dose r-TPA for up to three consecutive days, as an adjunct to percutaneous drainage of thick collections, with or without loculation, appears to be an effective technique.

CT-guided percutaneous core needle biopsy of pulmonary nodules smaller than 2 cm: technical aspects and factors influencing accuracy / Biópsia percutânea com agulha grossa, guiada por TC, de nódulos pulmonares menores que 2 cm: aspectos técnicos e fatores que influenciam a precisão

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of CT-guided percutaneous core needle biopsy (CT-CNB) of pulmonary nodules ≤ 2 cm, as well as to identify factors influencing the accuracy of the procedure and its morbidity. Methods: This was a retrospective, single-center study of 170 consecutive patients undergoing CT-CNB of small pulmonary nodules (of ≤ 2 cm) between January of 2010 and August of 2015. Results: A total of 156 CT-CNBs yielded a definitive diagnosis, the overall diagnostic accuracy being 92.3%. Larger lesions were associated with a higher overall accuracy (OR = 1.30; p = 0.007). Parenchymal hemorrhage occurring during the procedure led to lower accuracy rates (OR = 0.13; p = 0.022). Pneumothorax was the most common complication. A pleura-to-lesion distance > 3 cm was identified as a risk factor for pneumothorax (OR = 16.94), whereas performing a blood patch after biopsy was a protective factor for pneumothorax (OR = 0.18). Conclusions: Small nodules (of < 2 cm) represent a technical challenge for diagnosis. CT-CNB is an excellent diagnostic tool, its accuracy being high.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a precisão diagnóstica da biópsia percutânea com agulha grossa, guiada por TC - doravante denominada BAG-TC - de nódulos pulmonares ≤ 2 cm, bem como identificar fatores que influenciam a precisão do procedimento e sua morbidade. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, realizado em um único centro, com 170 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a BAG-TC de nódulos pulmonares pequenos (≤ 2 cm) entre janeiro de 2010 e agosto de 2015. Resultados: Do total de biópsias, 156 resultaram em diagnóstico definitivo, com precisão diagnóstica global de 92,3%. Lesões maiores estiveram relacionadas com maior precisão global (OR = 1,30; p = 0,007). A presença de hemorragia parenquimatosa durante o procedimento resultou em menor precisão (OR = 0,13; p = 0,022). Pneumotórax foi a complicação mais comum. Uma distância > 3 cm entre a lesão e a pleura foi identificada como fator de risco de pneumotórax (OR = 16,94), ao passo que a realização de tampão sanguíneo após a biópsia foi um fator de proteção contra o pneumotórax (OR = 0,18). Conclusões: O diagnóstico de nódulos pequenos (< 2 cm) é um desafio do ponto de vista técnico. A BAG-TC é uma excelente ferramenta diagnóstica, cuja precisão é alta.

Minimally invasive treatment of complex collections: safety and efficacy of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator as an adjuvant to percutaneous drainage / Tratamento minimamente invasivo de coleções complexas: segurança e eficácia do ativador tissular de plasminogênio no tratamento adjuvante nas drenagens percutâneas

Abstract Objective: To analyze the efficacy of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-TPA) injection in the evolution of percutaneous drainage of thick collections. Materials and Methods: This was a single-center study involving the retrospective analysis of hospitalized patients undergoing percutaneous drainage of thick (superficial or intracavitary) fluid collections, followed by injection of a fibrinolytic agent (r-TPA) into the affected space. Results: A total of 53 percutaneous drainage procedures, with r-TPA injection, were performed in 51 patients. Abdominal and pelvic collections were the most common, being seen in 38 (73%) of the procedures; in 35 (66%), the etiology of the collection was attributed to postoperative complications. A total of 61 catheters were used in order to drain the 53 collections. Of those 61 catheters, 52 (85%) were large (12-16 Fr) and 9 (15%) were small (4-10 Fr). The mean r-TPA dose was 5.7 mg/collection per day, and the mean time from r-TPA injection to drain removal was 7.7 days. Percutaneous drainage in combination with r-TPA injection was successful in 96% of the cases. None of the patients showed coagulation changes during the study period. Conclusion: The use of once-daily, low-dose r-TPA for up to three consecutive days, as an adjunct to percutaneous drainage of thick collections, with or without loculation, appears to be an effective technique.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a eficácia da injeção do agente fibrinolítico ativador tissular de plasminogênio (r-TPA) na evolução da drenagem percutânea de coleções espessas. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo unicêntrico com análise retrospectiva de pacientes internados submetidos a drenagem percutânea de coleções espessas, superficiais ou intracavitárias, seguida da injeção de agente fibrinolítico (r-TPA) no interior da coleção. Resultados: Foram realizadas 53 drenagens percutâneas com injeção de r-TPA em 51 pacientes. Coleções intra-abdominais e pélvicas foram as mais frequentes (n = 38; 73%) e a causa predominante foi complicação pós-operatória (n = 35; 66%). Foram utilizados 61 drenos para acessar as 53 coleções, dos quais 52 (85%) foram drenos mais calibrosos (12-16 Fr) e 9 (15%) de pequeno calibre (4-10 Fr). A dose média de r-TPA empregada foi 5,7 mg/coleção/dia, o tempo médio entre a injeção de r-TPA e a retirada do dreno foi 7.7 dias e o sucesso da drenagem percutânea em associação com agente fibrinolítico foi observado em 96% dos casos. Alterações de coagulação não foram observadas nos pacientes durante o estudo. Conclusão: O uso de baixas doses diárias de r-TPA por até três dias consecutivos, como adjuvante terapêutico na drenagem percutânea de coleções espessas e/ou loculadas, demonstrou ser uma técnica efetiva.

Computed Tomography-Guided Percutaneous Thoracic Duct Sclero-Embolization for Persistent Chylothorax.

Postoperative chylous leak is often a consequence of thoracic duct injury during surgical procedures. Persistent chylothorax can be an extremely morbid condition. The authors describe a case of a refractory and long-standing chylous leak after thoracotomy for mediastinal lymphangioma removal. The patient was treated with a computed tomography-guided percutaneous thoracic duct sclero-embolization after failure of the conventional therapies. The chest tube output abruptly decreased after the procedure and was removed at 13th day. Percutaneous thoracic duct sclero-embolization proved to be safe and effective in the treatment of a persistent chylothorax.

Correlation of Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System [TI-RADS] and fine needle aspiration: experience in 1,000 nodules.

OBJECTIVE: To correlate the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) and the Bethesda system in reporting cytopathology in 1,000 thyroid nodules. METHODS: A retrospective study conducted from November 2011 to February 2014 that evaluated 1,000 thyroid nodules of 906 patients who underwent ultrasound exam and fine needle aspiration. RESULTS: A significant association was found between the TI-RADS outcome and Bethesda classification (p<0.001). Most individuals with TI-RADS 2 or 3 had Bethesda 2 result (95.5% and 92.5%, respectively). Among those classified as TI-RADS 4C and 5, most presented Bethesda 6 (68.2% and 91.3%, respectively; p<0.001). The proportion of malignancies among TI-RADS 2 was 0.8%, and TI-RADS 3 was 1.7%. Among those classified as TI-RADS 4A, proportion of malignancies was 16.0%, 43.2% in 4B, 72.7% in 4C and 91.3% among TI-RADS 5 (p<0.001), showing clear association between TI-RADS and biopsy results. CONCLUSION: The TI-RADS is appropriate to assess thyroid nodules and avoid unnecessary fine needle aspiration, as well as to assist in making decision about when this procedure should be performed. OBJETIVO: Apresentar a correlação entre o Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) e o sistema Bethesda, para relatar citopatologia em 1.000 nódulos tireoidianos. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo realizado no período de novembro de 2011 a fevereiro de 2014, que avaliou 1.000 nódulos tireoidianos de 906 pacientes submetidos a exame de ultrassonografia e à punção aspirativa por agulha fina. RESULTADOS: Observou-se associação significativa entre o TI-RADS e o resultado da classificação de Bethesda (p<0,001). A maioria dos indivíduos com TI-RADS 2 ou 3 teve resultado citológico Bethesda 2 (95,5% e 92,5%, respectivamente). Entre aqueles classificados TI-RADS 4C e 5, a maioria teve resultado Bethesda 6 (68,2% e 91,3%, respectivamente; p<0,001). A proporção de malignidades em TI-RADS 2 foi 0,8% e em TI-RADS 3 foi 1,7%. Entre TI-RADS 4A, foi de 16,0%, 43,2% em 4B, 72,7% em 4C e em 5 foi de 91,3% (p<0,001), mostrando clara associação entre o TI-RADS e os resultados da biópsia. CONCLUSÃO: O TI-RADS é apropriado para avaliar nódulos da tireoide e evitar punção aspirativa por agulha fina desnecessária, além de auxiliar na decisão sobre quando este procedimento deve ser realizado.

Correlation of Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System [TI-RADS] and fine needle aspiration: experience in 1, 000 nodules / Correlação entre a classificação Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System [TI-RADS] e punção aspirativa por agulha fina: experiência com 1. 000 nódulos

ABSTRACT Objective To correlate the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) and the Bethesda system in reporting cytopathology in 1,000 thyroid nodules. Methods A retrospective study conducted from November 2011 to February 2014 that evaluated 1,000 thyroid nodules of 906 patients who underwent ultrasound exam and fine needle aspiration. Results A significant association was found between the TI-RADS outcome and Bethesda classification (p<0.001). Most individuals with TI-RADS 2 or 3 had Bethesda 2 result (95.5% and 92.5%, respectively). Among those classified as TI-RADS 4C and 5, most presented Bethesda 6 (68.2% and 91.3%, respectively; p<0.001). The proportion of malignancies among TI-RADS 2 was 0.8%, and TI-RADS 3 was 1.7%. Among those classified as TI-RADS 4A, proportion of malignancies was 16.0%, 43.2% in 4B, 72.7% in 4C and 91.3% among TI-RADS 5 (p<0.001), showing clear association between TI-RADS and biopsy results. Conclusion The TI-RADS is appropriate to assess thyroid nodules and avoid unnecessary fine needle aspiration, as well as to assist in making decision about when this procedure should be performed.

RESUMO Objetivo Apresentar a correlação entre o Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) e o sistema Bethesda, para relatar citopatologia em 1.000 nódulos tireoidianos. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo realizado no período de novembro de 2011 a fevereiro de 2014, que avaliou 1.000 nódulos tireoidianos de 906 pacientes submetidos a exame de ultrassonografia e à punção aspirativa por agulha fina. Resultados Observou-se associação significativa entre o TI-RADS e o resultado da classificação de Bethesda (p<0,001). A maioria dos indivíduos com TI-RADS 2 ou 3 teve resultado citológico Bethesda 2 (95,5% e 92,5%, respectivamente). Entre aqueles classificados TI-RADS 4C e 5, a maioria teve resultado Bethesda 6 (68,2% e 91,3%, respectivamente; p<0,001). A proporção de malignidades em TI-RADS 2 foi 0,8% e em TI-RADS 3 foi 1,7%. Entre TI-RADS 4A, foi de 16,0%, 43,2% em 4B, 72,7% em 4C e em 5 foi de 91,3% (p<0,001), mostrando clara associação entre o TI-RADS e os resultados da biópsia. Conclusão O TI-RADS é apropriado para avaliar nódulos da tireoide e evitar punção aspirativa por agulha fina desnecessária, além de auxiliar na decisão sobre quando este procedimento deve ser realizado.

Percutaneous Treatment of Intrahepatic Biliary Leak: A Modified Occlusion Balloon Technique.

PURPOSE: To report a novel modified occlusion balloon technique to treat biliary leaks. METHODS: A 22-year-old female patient underwent liver transplantation with biliary-enteric anastomosis. She developed thrombosis of the common hepatic artery and extensive ischemia in the left hepatic lobe. Resection of segments II and III was performed and a biliary-cutaneous leak originating at the resection plane was identified in the early postoperative period. Initial treatment with percutaneous transhepatic drainage was unsuccessful. Therefore, an angioplasty balloon was coaxially inserted within the biliary drain and positioned close to the leak. RESULTS: The fistula output abruptly decreased after the procedure and stopped on the 7th day. At the 3-week follow-up, cholangiography revealed complete resolution of the leakage. CONCLUSION: This novel modified occlusion balloon technique was effective and safe. However, greater experience and more cases are necessary to validate the technique.

Axillary ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration in preoperative staging of axillary lymph nodes in patients with invasive breast cancer / Ultrassonografia axilar e punção aspirativa por agulha fina no estadiamento linfonodal axilar pré-operatório em pacientes com câncer de mama invasivo

Abstract Objective: To propose an algorithm to determine the necessity for ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration (US-FNA) in preoperative axillary lymph node staging of patients with invasive breast cancer. Materials and Methods: Prospective study developed at National Cancer Institute. The study sample included 100 female patients with breast cancer referred for axillary staging by US-FNA. Results: The overall US-FNA sensitivity was set at 79.4%. The positive predictive value was calculated to be 100%, and the negative predictive value, 69.5%. The US-FNA sensitivity for lymph nodes with normal sonographic features was 0%, while for indeterminate lymph nodes it was 80% and, for suspicious lymph nodes, 90.5%. In the assessment of invasive breast tumors stages T1, T2 and T3, the sensitivity was respectively 69.6%, 83.7% and 100%. US-FNA could avoid sentinel node biopsy in 54% of cases. Conclusion: Axillary ultrasonography should be included in the preoperative staging of all patients with invasive breast cancer. The addition of US-FNA in cases of lymph nodes suspicious for malignancy may prevent more than 50% of sentinel lymphadenectomies, significantly shortening the time interval to definitive therapy.

Resumo Objetivo: Propor um algoritmo de quando a punção aspirativa por agulha fina guiada por ultrassonografia (PAAF-US) deve ser utilizada no estadiamento linfonodal axilar pré-operatório em pacientes com câncer de mama invasivo. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo prospectivo conduzido no Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Participaram da amostra 100 pacientes do sexo feminino portadoras de câncer de mama que foram direcionadas para estadiamento axilar por meio de PAAF-US. Resultados: A sensibilidade geral da PAAF-US foi estabelecida em 79,4%. O valor preditivo positivo foi calculado em 100% e o valor preditivo negativo, em 69,5%. A sensibilidade da PAAF-US para linfonodos com características ultrassonográficas normais foi 0%, ao passo que para os indeterminados foi 80% e para os suspeitos foi 90,5%. Na avaliação de tumores de mama invasivos estádios T1, T2 e T3, as sensibilidades foram 69,6%, 83,7% e 100%, respectivamente. A realização da PAAF-US conseguiu evitar a biópsia do linfonodo sentinela em 54% dos casos. Conclusão: A ultrassonografia axilar deve estar inclusa no estadiamento pré-operatório de todas as pacientes com câncer de mama invasivo. A adição da PAAF-US nos linfonodos com características morfológicas suspeitas de malignidade pode evitar mais de 50% das linfadenectomias sentinelas, proporcionando abreviação importante do intervalo de tempo até a terapêutica definitiva.

Axillary ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration in preoperative staging of axillary lymph nodes in patients with invasive breast cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To propose an algorithm to determine the necessity for ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration (US-FNA) in preoperative axillary lymph node staging of patients with invasive breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective study developed at National Cancer Institute. The study sample included 100 female patients with breast cancer referred for axillary staging by US-FNA. RESULTS: The overall US-FNA sensitivity was set at 79.4%. The positive predictive value was calculated to be 100%, and the negative predictive value, 69.5%. The US-FNA sensitivity for lymph nodes with normal sonographic features was 0%, while for indeterminate lymph nodes it was 80% and, for suspicious lymph nodes, 90.5%. In the assessment of invasive breast tumors stages T1, T2 and T3, the sensitivity was respectively 69.6%, 83.7% and 100%. US-FNA could avoid sentinel node biopsy in 54% of cases. CONCLUSION: Axillary ultrasonography should be included in the preoperative staging of all patients with invasive breast cancer. The addition of US-FNA in cases of lymph nodes suspicious for malignancy may prevent more than 50% of sentinel lymphadenectomies, significantly shortening the time interval to definitive therapy.

OBJETIVO: Propor um algoritmo de quando a punção aspirativa por agulha fina guiada por ultrassonografia (PAAF-US) deve ser utilizada no estadiamento linfonodal axilar pré-operatório em pacientes com câncer de mama invasivo. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo conduzido no Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Participaram da amostra 100 pacientes do sexo feminino portadoras de câncer de mama que foram direcionadas para estadiamento axilar por meio de PAAF-US. RESULTADOS: A sensibilidade geral da PAAF-US foi estabelecida em 79,4%. O valor preditivo positivo foi calculado em 100% e o valor preditivo negativo, em 69,5%. A sensibilidade da PAAF-US para linfonodos com características ultrassonográficas normais foi 0%, ao passo que para os indeterminados foi 80% e para os suspeitos foi 90,5%. Na avaliação de tumores de mama invasivos estádios T1, T2 e T3, as sensibilidades foram 69,6%, 83,7% e 100%, respectivamente. A realização da PAAF-US conseguiu evitar a biópsia do linfonodo sentinela em 54% dos casos. CONCLUSÃO: A ultrassonografia axilar deve estar inclusa no estadiamento pré-operatório de todas as pacientes com câncer de mama invasivo. A adição da PAAF-US nos linfonodos com características morfológicas suspeitas de malignidade pode evitar mais de 50% das linfadenectomias sentinelas, proporcionando abreviação importante do intervalo de tempo até a terapêutica definitiva.

Step-by-step of ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy of the breast: review and technique / Passo-a-passo da core biópsia de mama guiada por ultrassonografia: revisão e técnica

Ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy has high sensitivity in the diagnosis of breast cancer. The present study is aimed at detailing the main steps of such procedure, including indications, advantages, limitations, follow-up and description of the technique, besides presenting a checklist including the critical steps required for an appropriate practice of the technique. In the recent years, an increasing number of patients have required breast biopsy, indicating the necessity of a proportional increase in the number of skilled professionals to carry out the procedures and histological diagnoses. A multidisciplinary approach involving the tripod clinical practice-radiology-pathology is responsible for the highest rate of accuracy of the technique and must always be adopted.

A core biópsia de mama guiada por ultrassonografia possui alta sensibilidade no diagnóstico das doenças neoplásicas mamárias. O presente estudo tem por objetivo detalhar as principais etapas deste procedimento, incluindo indicações, vantagens, limitações, seguimento e técnica, e elaborar um checklist contendo os passos indispensáveis para uma boa prática da técnica. O número de pacientes que necessitam de biópsia mamária tem crescido nos últimos anos, indicando ser necessário haver um crescimento proporcional de profissionais habilitados que possam realizar os procedimentos diagnósticos histológicos. A abordagem multidisciplinar envolvendo o triângulo clínica-radiologia-patologia é responsável pelo mais alto índice de acurácia da técnica, devendo sempre ser utilizada.